Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing is a format for writing and organizing citations of source materials. It is also known as the Harvard system, author-date system (Curtin University, 2007), and parenthetical referencing (Perelman, Barrett & Paradis, 2000).

How works are cited

The structure of a citation under the Harvard referencing system is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as illustrated in the Smith example near the top of this article.

The page number or page range is omitted if the entire work is cited. The author's surname is omitted if it appears in the text. Thus we may say: "Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery."

Two or three authors are cited using "and" or "&": (Deane, Smith, and Jones, 1991) or (Deane, Smith & Jones, 1991). Six or more authors are cited using et al. (Deane et al. 1992).

Example of a direct citation:

...and like Mihailov, Sierra deliberately maintains a distinctive, nihilistic tone in his work, denying any possible chance for positive social change:

I can’t change anything. There is no possibility that we can change anything with our artistic work. We do our work because we are making art, and because we believe art should be something, something that follows reality. But I don’t believe in the possibility of change.

(Sierra, 2002, p.52)

This apparently cynical approach together with the involvement of people from disadvantaged backgrounds often makes Sierra’s work the subject of heated ethical and moral debates, in fact...

Example of bibliography:

Addison,N. (2003) Issues in Art and Design Teaching, London: RoutledgeFalmer

Herbert, M. (2004) Material witness: Martin Herbert on Santiago Sierra, ArtForum, No. 54, September 2004

Garner, R. (2008) Iraq: Teachers Told to Rewrite History: Mod Accused of Sending Propaganda to Schools, The Independent, Friday, 14 March 2008. From the URL: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/iraq-teachers-told-to-rewrite-history-795711.html [Accessed 3rd January, 2009]